2008 Sichuan Earthquake

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2008 Sichuan earthquake Date May 12, 2008 Magnitude 7.9 Mw / 7.8 Ms Depth: 19 kilometres (12 mi) Epicenter location: 31°00′54″N 103°21′54″E / 31.015, 103.365 Places affected China Casualties: 22,069 (dead) 168,669 (injured) as of May 16.

The 2008 Sichuan earthquake (Chinese: 四川大地震; pinyin: Sìchuān dà dìzhèn), at a magnitude 7.9 M_w, occurred at 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC) on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan province of China. In China, it was named the Wenchuan earthquake (Chinese: 汶川大地震; pinyin: Wènchuān dà dìzhèn), after the earthquake's epicenter in Wenchuan County in Sichuan province. The epicenter was 90 kilometres (56 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, with a depth of 19 kilometres (12 mi).^[2] The earthquake was felt as far away as Beijing (1,500 km away) and Shanghai (1,700 km away), where office buildings swayed with the tremor.^[3] The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries.

Official figures (as of 16 May) state that 22,069 are confirmed dead, including 21,577 in Sichuan province.^[1][4] The Chinese government warned that the death toll could soar to 50,000.^[5] Tens of thousands are missing, many of them buried, and eight provinces were affected.^[6][7] It was the deadliest and strongest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed over 250,000 people.^[8]

Earthquake details

USGS map of epicenter

The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.8 M_s according to the State Seismological Bureau of China and 7.9 M_w according to the United States Geological Survey. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County (Chinese: 汶川县; Pinyin: Wènchuān Xiàn), Ngawa Prefecture, 75 km west/northwest of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC), on Monday 12 May 2008.

Fifty-two major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.4 to 6.0, were recorded within 72 hours of the main tremor.^[9] Preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep.^[10] The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters^[11] and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault.^[11]

Office workers in Chengdu reported a "continuous shaking for about two or three minutes", and many people rushed outside.^[12]

Tremors felt in different places

• China (mainland): All regions except Xinjiang, Jilin and Heilongjiang were affected by the quake.^[13]
• Bangladesh: Tremors were felt eight and a half minutes after the quake in all parts of Bangladesh.^[14]
• Hong Kong: Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake, continuing for about half a minute. This was also the farthest distance from the epicentre felt in Hong Kong's record.^{[15][16][14][17]}
• India: Tremors were felt approximately nine minutes after the earthquake in parts of India.^[14][18]
• Japan: Tremors were felt in Tokyo.^[18]
• Macau: Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake.^[19]
• Mongolia: Tremors were felt approximately eight minutes after the earthquake in parts of Mongolia.^[14]
• Nepal: Tremors were felt approximately eight and a half minutes after the quake.^[14]
• Pakistan: In parts of Northern Pakistan tremors were felt ten minutes after the quake.^[14]
• Russia: Tremors were felt in Tuva, no casualties reported.^[14]
• Taiwan: It took about eight minutes for the quake to reach Taiwan, then the tremors continued for one to two minutes; no damage or injuries were reported.^[20]
• Thailand: In parts of Thailand tremors were felt six minutes after the quake, continuing for 7 to 8 minutes.^[18]
• Vietnam: Tremors were felt approximately five minutes after the earthquake in Northern parts of Vietnam.^[21][22][18]

Tectonics

USGS National Earthquake Information

Dr. Harley Benz, US Geological Society

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According to the United States Geological Survey:^[23]

The earthquake occurred as the result of motion on a northeast striking reverse fault or thrust fault on the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake’s epicenter and focal-mechanism are consistent with it having occurred as the result of movement on the Longmenshan fault or a tectonically related fault. The earthquake reflects tectonic stresses resulting from the convergence of crustal material slowly moving from the high Tibetan Plateau, to the west, against strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China.

On a continental scale, the seismicity of central and eastern Asia is a result of northward convergence of the Indian Plate against the Eurasian Plate with a velocity of about 50 mm/y. The convergence of the two plates is broadly accommodated by the uplift of the Asian highlands and by the motion of crustal material to the east away from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau. The northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin has previously experienced destructive earthquakes. The magnitude 7.5 earthquake of August 25, 1933 killed more than 9,300 people.

According to the British Geological Survey:^[24]

The earthquake occurred 92 km northwest of the city of Chengdu in eastern Sichuan province and over 1500 km from Beijing, where it was also strongly felt. Earthquakes of this size have the potential to cause extensive damage and loss of life. The epicentre was in the mountains of the Eastern Margin of Qing-Tibet Plateau at the northwest margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake occurred as a result of motion on a northeast striking thrust fault that runs along the margin of the basin. The seismicity of central and eastern Asia is caused by the northward movement of the India plate at a rate of 5cm/year and its collision with Eurasia, resulting in the uplift of the Himalaya and Tibetan plateau and associated earthquake activity. This deformation also results in the extrusion of crustal material from the high Tibetan Plateau in the west towards the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China. China frequently suffers large and deadly earthquakes. In August 1933 a magnitude 7.5 earthquake about 90 km notheast of today's earthquake destroyed the town of Diexi and surrounding villages, and caused many landslides, some of which dammed the rivers.

History of Minnesota

The history of Minnesota is the story of a U.S. state shaped by its original Native American residents, European exploration and settlement, and the emergence of industries made possible by the state's natural resources. Minnesota achieved prominence through fur trading, logging, and farming, and later through railroads, flour milling, and iron mining. While those industries remain important, the state's economy is now driven by banking, computers, and health care.

Fort Snelling played a pivotal role in Minnesota's history and in the development of the cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul.

The earliest known settlers followed herds of large game to the region during the last glacial period. They preceded the Anishinaabe, the Sioux, and other Native American inhabitants. Fur traders from France arrived during the 17th century. Europeans, moving west during the 19th century, drove out most of the Native Americans. Fort Snelling, built to protect United States territorial interests, brought early settlers to the area. Early settlers used Saint Anthony Falls for powering sawmills in the area that became Minneapolis, while others settled downriver in the area that became Saint Paul.

Minnesota became a part of the United States as the Minnesota Territory in 1849, and became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858. After the upheaval of the American Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862, the state's economy started to develop when natural resources were tapped for logging and farming. Railroads attracted immigrants, established the farm economy, and brought goods to market. The power provided by Saint Anthony Falls spurred the growth of Minneapolis, and the innovative milling methods gave it the title of the "milling capital of the world."

New industry came from iron ore, discovered in the north, mined relatively easily from open pits, and shipped to Great Lakes steel mills from the ports at Duluth and Two Harbors. Economic development and social changes led to an expanded role for state government and a population shift from rural areas to cities. The Great Depression brought layoffs in mining and tension in labor relations but New Deal programs helped the state. After World War II, Minnesota became known for technology, fueled by early computer companies Sperry Rand, Control Data and Cray. The Twin Cities also became a regional center for the arts with cultural institutions such as the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota Orchestra, and the Walker Art Center.

Discovery Expedition

The Discovery in the Antarctic ice

The British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, generally known as the Discovery Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since James Clark Ross's voyage sixty years earlier. Organised on a large scale under a joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), the new expedition aimed to carry out scientific research and geographical exploration in what was then largely an untouched continent. It launched the Antarctic careers of many who would become leading figures in the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration^[1] including Robert Falcon Scott who led the expedition, Ernest Shackleton, Edward Wilson, Frank Wild, Tom Crean and William Lashly.

Its scientific results covered extensive ground in biology, zoology, geology, meteorology and magnetism. There were important geological and zoological discoveries, including those of the snow-free McMurdo Dry Valleys and the Cape Crozier Emperor Penguin colony. In the field of geographical exploration, achievements included the discoveries of King Edward VII Land, and the Polar Plateau via the western mountains route. The expedition did not, however, make a serious attempt on the South Pole, its principal southern journey reaching a Furthest South at 82°17'S.^[2]

As a trailbreaker for later ventures, the Discovery Expedition was a landmark in British Antarctic exploration history. After its return home it was celebrated as a success, despite having needed an expensive relief mission to free Discovery and its crew from the ice, and later disputes about the quality of some of its scientific records. It has been asserted that the expedition's main failure was its inability to master the techniques of efficient polar travel using skis and dogs,^[3] a legacy that persisted in British Antarctic expeditions throughout the Heroic Age.

MAY DAY - Labour Day

Labour Day

This article is about annual labour observances internationally. For the holiday observed in the United States, see Labor Day.

Labour Day is an annual holiday celebrated all over the world that resulted from efforts of the labour union movement, to celebrate the economic and social achievements of workers.

Labour Day Parade in Toronto in the early 1900s

The celebration of Labour Day has its origins in the eight hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest. On 21 April 1856 Stonemasons and building workers on building sites around Melbourne, Australia, stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight hour day. Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as the first organized workers in the world to achieve an eight hour day with no loss of pay, which subsequently inspired the celebration of Labour Day and May Day.^{[citation needed]}

In New Zealand, groups of workers had achieved the 8 hour working day since the beginning of organised British settlement in 1840.^[1]

Labour Day around the world

"Long Live May Day" banner at a Mumbai rally in 2004

Most countries celebrate Labour Day on May 1, known as May Day and International Workers' Day. In Europe the day has older significance as a rural festival which is predominantly more important than that of the Labour Day movement. The holiday has become internationalised and several countries hold multi-day celebrations including parades, shows and other patriotic and labour-oriented events.

• In Germany, Labour Day was established as an official holiday in 1933 after the Nazi Party, or NSDAP, rose to power. It was supposed to symbolise the new-found unity between the state and the German people. However, just one day later, on May 2, 1933, all free unions were outlawed and destroyed. But since the holiday had been celebrated by German workers for many decades before the official state endorsement, the NSDAP's attempt to appropriate it left no long-term resentment.
• In Pakistan, Labour day is a national holiday. Labour unions hold seminars and walks.
• In India, Labour day is a national holiday. Maharashtra (State in India), Labour Day May 1 was renamed Maharashtra Diwas.
• In Poland, Labour Day May 1 was renamed "State Holiday" in 1990.
• In Slovenia, May 1 and May 2 are national holidays and work-free days throughout the country.
• In Sweden, Finland and Norway, May 1 is a national holiday celebrated through widespread demonstrations by the entire workers' movement.
• In Italy, May 1 is national holiday, demonstrations of the trade unions are widespread. Since the '90s, the trade unions organise a massive free concert in Rome, with attendances topping a million people.
• In Denmark May 1 is celebrated through widespread demonstrations by the entire workers' movement throughout the country. There are also out-door activities celebrating the day in many major cities.
• In Israel May 1 is not officially celebrated, but each year the socialist and marxist youth movements arrange a parade in Tel aviv.
• In Korea, Labour Day is a national holiday for labourers.
• In Iceland, 1 May is a national holiday.
• In Ireland, Labour Day (also called May Day) is celebrated on the first Monday in May, and is a public holiday.
• In Vietnam, Labour Day is a national holiday on May 1 following another national holiday, April 30, which is the day the North and the South were unified in 1975.